A database of upper-air soundings was collected for weak (EF0/EF1), significant (EF2/EF3), and violent (EF4/EF5) tornadoes that occurred within 100 km and 6 h of the rawindsonde observation. After case filtering and quality control, a total of 50 proximity soundings for violent tornadoes and randomized samples of 100 proximity soundings for significant tornadoes and 102…
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